Preparation and Standardization of 0.1 M Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) in the Laboratory. Reagents: 1 Sodium hydroxide 2 Potassium hydrogen phthalate 3 Phenolphthalein solution. Chemical Reaction Principle: In this process, we will directly measure the strength of potassium hydrogen phthalate by using sodium hydroxide. To find the endpoint, we’ll use phenolphthalein as an indicator. Let’s understand … Read more
In this experiment, we will focus on the preparation and standardization of a 1 M Sodium Hydroxide solution. Molarity and How to Prepare 1 M NaOH with Example: Example for factor calculation for standardization of 1 m NaOH:Na=23O=16H=1Total= 40 gm. Reagents Required for Preparation and Standardization of 1 M NaOH: 1 Sodium Hydroxide 2 Potassium … Read more
Name: Preparation and Standardization of 1.0 M Hydrochloric Acid in Pharmaceutical Laboratory. Reagents: Use the following reagents to prepare and Standardization of 1.0 M Hydrochloric Acid: 1 Hydrochloric Acid. 2 Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate 3 Methyl Red Method of Preparation of 1.0 M Hydrochloric Acid: To make 1.0 M hydrochloric acid, dilute 85.0 ml of concentrated … Read more
OBJECTIVE: To lay down a procedure for HPLC Column Cleaning and their Maintenance.SCOPE: This Standard operating procedure shall be applicable to HPLC Column Cleaning and maintenance of different types of HPLC columns used in the Quality Control Laboratory. RESPONSIBILITY: Officer/Execution QC department to follow this procedure.Manager QC department for overall compliance with this SOP. PROCEDURE … Read more
Definition: “Extraction involves using a liquid solvent to remove active constituents from a solid or liquid substance. Or The separation of medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissues from the inactive or inert components by using selective solvents.” The extraction process has the following stages: Some important terms Menstruum– The solvent used for extraction … Read more
A cleaning Validation Master Plan (cVMP) is a very important document that is needed to be in place during the cleaning validation process. Below read the all content that helps to prepare a well-documented validation plan. PROTOCOL CONTENTS S. No. SECTION TITLE 1.0 APPROVAL 2.0 INTRODUCTION 3.0 PURPOSE 4.0 SCOPE 5.0 RESPONSIBILITIES 6.0 STRATEGY 6.1 … Read more
Drying is a process that involves the removal of water or other solvents through evaporation from solid, semi-solid, or liquid substances by applying heat to get dry solid mass or powders. Below is a detailed discussion on Drying, its application, Objective, mechanism, Theory, Rate of drying curve, formula, and equipment used. Objectives of Drying In … Read more
Transdermal patches are used on the skin to deliver medicines directly into the bloodstream. In this article, read about transdermal patches, their working mechanism, advantages, applications, types, application methods, and safety considerations. What are Transdermal Patches? They are thin, adhesive patches that are applied directly on the skin to deliver medication. Transdermal patches are useful … Read more
Freeze drying also known as lyophilization, involves freezing water and removing it from a sample through sublimation. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical and biological industries to preserve thermolabile substances. In this article, Read the Principles, Construction, Working of Freeze Dryers, Advantages and Disadvantages. Principle of Freeze Dryer: Freeze drying is also known as … Read more
A vacuum dryer is an effective equipment used in many industries, for example, pharmaceuticals, food processing, plastics, and textiles. Inside this equipment, vacuum is used to dry materials that are heated at low temperatures to easily evaporate. In this article learn about Vacuum Dryer and their Principle, Construction, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Usage Principle of … Read more
A spray dryer is an instrument used to dry a liquid feed, for example; solution, suspension, or paste, into dried particles by spraying the feed into a hot drying medium. In this article learn about their Principle, Construction, Working, Advantages, and Disadvantages. Principle of Spray Dryer: The principle of spray drying involves transforming a liquid … Read more
Drum dryer and roll dryer is widely used in industries because of their heat-drying property. In this article learn about principle, constructions, and workings, along with their advantages, disadvantages, and pharmaceutical applications. Principle of Drum Dryer: In the drum dryer principle, we use a heated hollow metal drum that rotates on its longitudinal axis. The … Read more
In this section, we will explore the objectives, applications, and different factors which affect the mixing process, as well as the mechanisms involved in solid, liquid, and semisolid mixing. We will also discuss the principles, construction, working, uses, merits, and demerits of various mixers commonly used in different industries. Definition Definition: Mixing (or blending) is … Read more
The Triple Roller Mill is a highly valuable equipment used in different industries for mixing purposes. It is known as Triple Roller Mill. Principle: Principle of the Triple Roller Mill Operating on the principle of shear force, the three-roll mill contains three horizontally positioned rolls. These rolls rotate in opposite directions and at varying speeds … Read more
Paddles mixture act as impellers which are used in the process of blending liquids. They have flat blades attached to a vertical shaft, rotating at a speed below 100 r.p.m. In this article learn about the Paddles mixture and their Principle, Construction, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Applications. Principle behind Paddles It works on the principle … Read more
For high-shear mixing, the Silverson homogenizer is highly used by many industries over the last 60 years. It is able to mix liquid to liquid and liquid to solid at the speed of up to 8000 r.p.m. In this article, we will discuss the Silverson mixer, its applications, principles, construction, working, advantages, and limitations. Principle: … Read more